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- Dr.Ahmet Kamil Goren
- Research Fellow
- Istanbul University
- Department of Archeology and History of
Art
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- Contents:
- History
- Institutions And
Persons With Collections Of Important Turkish Paintings
- General
Resources
- Resources For
Special Topics
History
- The formation of Turkish painting in
western sense starting from mid 19th century till the beginning of the
- 20th century can be said to be very
active.
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- The very first painting lessons were
scheduled at "Muhendishane-i Berri-i Humayun/Military School of
Engineering"s were 1793 mostly for technical purposes.Artists who
formed the 19th century art milieu were from military and civilian
schools.
- Some have been educated abroad, others
in the country. A Christian minority and "Levanten" artists
as well as foreign painters who influenced the art milieu lived and
contributed to arts in Istanbul. Some Turkish artists like Osman Hamdi
Bey (1842-1910) and Seker/Sugar Ahmet Pasha(1841-1907), Suleyman
Seyyid (1842-1913), Halil Pasha (1860-1939) of military background had
been educated in arts abroad. Meanwhile Huseyin Zekai Pasha
(1860-1919), Hoca/Hodja Ali Riza (1864-1939), Ahmet Ziya Akbulut
(1869-1938) were among the other famous artists who had been educated
in the country.
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- Seker Ahmet had his first exhibition in
1873 and his second one in 1875.
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- Sanayi-i Nefise Mekteb-i/School of Fine
Arts was opened with Osman Hamdi's attempts in 1883.
- A new era was beginning in painting with
the return of the artists from the West. Human figure in the western
sense was being established in Turkish painting especially with Osman
Hamdi Bey. Impressionism, among the contemporary trends, appeared
later on with Halil Pasha.
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- The Ottoman Painter's Society was formed
in 1909. The society started exhibitions in 1916 continuing till 1952
on a regular basis that would be remembered as "Galatasaray
Exhibitions".
-
- Contemporary trends that emphasize
figure start to appear gradually in Turkey with the "1914
Generation". Figure, composition and nudity entered the Turkish
painting for the first time in the western sense with this generation.
- Inas Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi/School of
Fine Arts for Girls was opened for young ladies in 1914. Mihri Musfik
Hanim, Omer Adil, Feyhaman Duran were the first instructors.
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- A studio was built with army support in
Sisli with Arseven's attempt in 1917. Lifij's "Progress" and
"War Allegory", Calli's "Cannon Carrier", Mehmet
Ruhi's "Stone Breakers" were the first examples of multi
figured and large dimensional compositions realised prior to and
following this period. Right after the Sisli Studio, the Vienna
Exhibition was held in 1918, the first exhibition abroad.
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- Young artists sent to Europe in 1926
came back inspired by contemporary trends such as Fauvism, Cubism and
even Expressionism still very influencial in Europe, and they took a
stand against the "1914 Generation" members. The important
goals of this new group were, though not very absolute, pictorial
design structure and linear foundation rather than impressionist
colorism.The activities of the group under the name of Independent
Painters and Sculptors' Association, expanded with the participation
of new artists in 1929. The association's founders were painters
R.Fazil (Epikman) (1902-1974), Cevat Hamit (Dereli) (1900-1989), Seref
Kamil (Akdik) (1862-1941), Mahmut Fehmi (Cuda) (1904-1987), Nurullah
Cemal (Berk) (1906-1981), Hale Asaf (1905-1938), Ali Avni (Celebi)
(1904-1993), Ahmet Zeki (Kocamemi) (1900-1959), Muhittin Sebati
(1901-1935); sculptor Ratip Asir (Acudoglu) (1898-1957) and decorator
Fahrettin Arkunlar (1901-1971). The question of how the new styles
that Celebi and Kocamemi formed would fit into the realities of the
country had been answered by Turgut Zaim (1904-1974). Zaim had given
an original meaning to the structure of figure. The style the artist
developed opposing to the new and comprehensive content which artists
brought, had become a choice western trends.
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- While the Mustakiller/Independents
opened the doors of contemporary trends in Turkey, we see a newly
founding group which would give a greater support to these efforts and
of which their effectiveness lasted until the 1950's:Group D. These
artists introduced some trends that had lasted in the West for thirty,
forty years. Group members were Zeki Faik Izer (1905-1988), Nurullah
Berk (1906-1981), Elif Naci (1898-1988), Cemal Tollu (1899-1968),
Abidin Dino (1913-1993) and sculptor Zuhtu Muridoglu (1906-1992). The
most significant distinction of Group D from the Independents was
perhaps that they had gathered around a certain aesthetics with
solidarity in determination to defend the new trends they wanted to
bring in. Group D had not been representative of any particular view.
They were open to anything new except Impressionism.
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- The star of the Calli generation faded
away gradually after the Independents and Group D members had started
to work at the Academy.Artists like Bedri Rahmi Eyuboglu (1911-1975),
Eren Eyuboglu (1913-1988), Halil Dikmen (1906-1964), Esref Uren
(1897-1984), Sabri Berkel (1907-1993), Hakki Anli (1906-1990), Arif
Kaptan (1906-1979), Salih Uralli (1908-1984) had later on joined Group
D.
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- Besides all this progress, from the
beginning there had also been independent artists. Among these Ilhan
Demirci, Sefik Bursali, Leyla Gamsiz, Semsi Arel, Maide Arel, Abidin
Elderoglu, Hamit Gorele, Ziya Keseroglu, Seyfi Toray can be counted.
Cemal Bingol, Nejat Devrim, Eren Eyuboglu and Fureyya Kilic were among
those who worked figuratively. Later on Adnan Coker, Lutfu Gunay,
Selim Turan (1915-1994), Fahrunissa Zeid (1901-1991) and Adnan Turani
took place in this trend.
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- When we look at the formation that
starts in the 1940's and materialized in the 1950's in Turkish
painting, rather than particular group's or trend's individual styles
come forward while the existence of some groups could still be
observed.
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- It can be said that during the 1940's
the notion that first came forward was originality, regionalism and
nationalism.
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- Those who had a social realist
understanding like Nuri Iyem, Turgut Atalay, Avni Arbas, Selim Turan,
Ferruh Basaga, Kemal Sonmezler, Mumtaz Yener, Agop Arad, Hasmet Akal
formed the Yeniler Grubu/New Group in the late 1930's. After they had
opened the "Harbour Paintings Exhibition" had been
remembered as the Harbour Painters.
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- "Group Ten" which was formed
in 1947 by the students of Bedri Rahmi like Mustafa Esirkus, Nedim
Gunsur, Turan Erol, Fikret Otyam, Orhan Peker, Mehmet Pesen, Adnan
Varinca started working basically by adding folkloric ornaments in
their works and added a freshness to the art milieu.
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- We see the "Yeni Dal Grubu/New
Branch Group" including artists like Ibrahim Balaban, Avni
Mehmetoglu, Ihsan and Kemal Incesu focusing on social reality at 1959.
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- We see Siyah Kalem Grubu/Black Pen Group
formed by artists such as Cemal Bingol, Ismail Altinok, Selma Arel,
Lutfu Gunay, Ihsan Cemal Karaburcak, Asuman Kilic, Ayse Silay and
Solmaz Tugac at 1961. The artists had no common goal; what joined them
together had been Cemal Bingol's studio.
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- From the 1960's on the Turkish painting
which gained great mobility with many artists with different styles is
advancing towards a promising future.
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Institutions And Persons With
Collections Of Important Turkish Paintings:
- Mimar
Sinan University, Istanbul
Museum of Painting and Sculpture
- Ankara Museum of Painting and Sculpture
- Izmir Museum of Painting and Sculpture
- Military Museum Headquarters, Istanbul
- Turkish
General Staff Headquarters, Ankara
- Turkish
Grand National Assembly, Ankara
- National
Library Directorate, Ankara
- Turkiye
Is Bankasi General Directorate, Ankara
- Akbank
General Directorate, Istanbul
- Turkish Republic, Ziraat Bankasi ,
Directorate, Ankara
- Yapi Kredi
Bankasi General Directorate, Istanbul
- Sabanci
Family
- Erol Aksoy
- Mustafa Taviloglu
- Kemal Erhan
- Naci Terzi
- Belkis Aksoy and many more
collectioners.
- State Art Galleries in many cities of
Turkey.
- Collections belonging to galleries
especially in cities like Istanbul, Ankara and Izmir.
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General Resources:
- ALSAC, Birsen-Ustun Alsac, Turk Resim ve
Yontu Sanati/Turkish Painting and Sculpture, Iletisim, Ist. 1993
- ARSEVEN, C.E., Turk Sanat Tarihi/Turkish
Art History, V.3, Maarif Vekaleti, Ist. (1955-1959)
- BASKAN, S., Ondokuzcu Yuzyildan Gunumuze
Turk Ressamlari/Contemporary Turkish Painters, Ank, 1991
- BERK, N., Turkiye'de Resim/Painting in
Turkey, Fine Arts Academy Publications, Ist. 1943
- BERK, N.-A.Turani, Baslangicindan Bugune
Cagdas Turk Resim Sanati Tarihi/Contemporary Turkish Painting History
From the Beginning Till Today, V.2. Ist. 1973
- BERK, Nurullah-Huseyin Gezer, 50 Yilin
Turk Resim ve Heykeli/50 Years' Turkish Painting and Sculpture,
(2.ed.), Ist. 1973
- BERK, Nurullah-Kaya Ozsezgin, Cumhuriyet
Donemi Turk Resmi/Turkish Painting in the Period of Republic, (3.ed.),
Ank. 1983
- CEZAR, M., Sanatta Bati'ya Acilis ve
Osman Hamdi/Opening to West in Art and Osman Hamdi, V.1-2., (2.ed.),
Istanbul 1995
- BOYAR, S.P., Turk Ressamlari Hayatlari
ve Eserleri/Turkish Painters Lives and Works, Ank. 1948
- EYUBOGLU, B.R. (and others), Cagdas Turk
Resminden Ornekler/Examples from Contemporary Turkish Painting, Ist.
1982
- GULTEKIN, Gonul, Western Trends in the
Turkish Art of Painting, Ank. 1992
- ODEKAN, Ayla, "Mimarlik ve Sanat
Tarihi/Architecture and Art History" Turkiye Tarihi Osmanli
Devleti 1600-1908/Turkish History Ottoman State 1600-1908, V.3, Ist.
1988
- OZSEZGIN, K., Baslangicindan Bugune
Cagdas Turk Resim Sanati Tarihi/Contemporary Turkish Painting History
From the Beginning Till Today, V.3, Ist. 1982
- OZSEZGIN, Kaya-Mustafa Aslier,
Baslangicindan Bugune Cagdas Turk Resim Sanati Tarihi/Contemporary
Turkish Painting History From the Beginning Till Today, V.4, Ist. 1989
- RENDA, Gunsel-Turan Erol, Baslangicindan
Bugune Cagdas Turk Resim Sanati Tarihi/Contemporary Turkish Painting
History From the Beginning Till Today, V.1, Ist. 1980
- TANSUG, S., Cagdas Turk
Sanati/Contemporary Turkish Art, Remzi Bookstore, Ist. 1986
- TANSUG, S.,Turk Resminde Yeni Donem/New
Era in Turkish Painting, Ist. 1988
- THALASSO, Adolphe, L'Art Ottoman, Les
Peintres de Turquie/Ottoman Art, Painters of Turkey, Paris (1910),
Arkeoloji ve Sanat Pub. Tipki Basimlar Dizisi:5, Ist. 1988
Resources For Special Topics
- ATAGOK,
Tomur, Cumhuriyetten Gunumuze Kadin Sanatcilar/Contemporary Women
Artists, Ist. 1993
- BASKAN, S., Osmanli Ressamlar
Cemiyeti/Ottoman Painters Society, Cagdas Pub., Ank. 1994
- BERK, N., Turk ve Yabanci Resminde
Istanbul/Istanbul Chez les Peintres Turcs et Etrangers/Istanbul in
Turkish and Foreign Paintings, Turkiye Turing ve Otomobil Kurumu
Publications, Ist. (Undated)
- COKER, Adnan, Avni Lifij Posadlar, Ist.
1984
- COKER, A., Osman Hamdi ve Sanayi-i
Nefise Mektebi/Osman Hamdi and School of Fine Arts, Mimar Sinan
University "Toplu Sergiler/Collective Exhibitions" 8. Ist.
1983
- DEMIRSAR, V.Belgin, Osman Hamdi
Tablolarinda Gercekle Iliskiler/Relations With Reality in Osman Hamdi
Pictures, Ank. 1989
- DERMAN, Ugur-Kiymet Giray-F.Bodur Eruz,
Sabanci Collection Calligraphy-Painting-Porcelain,
- Akbank, Ist. 1995
- ELIBAL, G., Ataturk ve
Resim-Heykel/Ataturk and Painting-Sculpture, Ist. 1973
- ERINC, Sitki M., (June), Zeki Faik Izer,
Turkiye Halk Bankasi Culture Publications, Ank. 1990
- EROL, T., Nazmi Ziya, YKY. Ist. 1995
- EYUBOGLU, B.R.,Nazmi Ziya, Fine Arts
Academy Publications, Ist. 1937
- GERMANER, Semra-Zeynep Inankur,
Oryantalizm ve Turkiye/Orientalism and Turkey, Turkish Culture Service
Foundation Art Pub.:4, Ist. 1989
- GIRAY, K., Hikmet Onat, YKY, Ist. 1995
- GIRAY, K., Mustakil Ressamlar ve
Heykeltraslar Birligi/Independent Painters And Sculptures Association,
Akbank, Ist. 1997
- GOREN, A.K., Turk Resim Sanatinda Sisli
Atolyesi ve Viyana Sergisi/Sisli Studio and Vienna Exhibition in
Turkish Painting, Ist. 1997
- GUNAY, I.Safa, Ideal Sanatkar Namik
Ismail/Ideal Artist Namik Ismail, Ist. 1937
- HALIL EDHEM, Elvah-i Naksiye Collection,
Ist. 1924, (In Turkish Milliyet Pub. Ist. 1970) (Besides its object
was to introduce the pictures the state had bought it can be evaluated
as resources.)
- IREPOGLU, Gul, Feyhaman, Ist. 1986
- ISLIMYELI, N., Asker Ressamlar ve
Ekoller/Military Painters and Schools, Ank. 1965
- NACI, E., Anilardan Damlalar/Drops From
Memories, Karacan Pub., Ist. 1981
- OZDENIZ, Engin, Turk Deniz Subayi
Ressamlari/Turkish Naval Officer Painters, Deniz Kuvvetleri
Komutanligi Pub., Ist. 1994
- OZSEZGIN, K., Ibrahim Calli, Yapi Kredi,
Ist. 1993
- OZEL, Mehmet, Ankara Resim ve Heykel
Muzesi /Museum of Painting and Sculpture, Ank. 1992
- RONA, Z., Namik Ismail, YKY, Ist. 1992
- SEHSUVAROGLU, Bedi N., Ressam Ali Sami
Boyar/A Well Known Turkish Painter, Ist. 1959
- TANSUG, S., Halil Pasa, Yapi Kredi, Ist.
1993
- TANSUG, S., Turkish Figurative Painting,
TYT Bank Arts Publications (ty)
- TOROS, T., Ilk Kadin Ressamlarimiz/The
First Woman Artists of Turkey, Ist. 1988
- TURANI, Adnan, Bati Anlayisina Donuk
Turk Resim Sanati/Turkish Painting Influenced by Western
Understanding, Ank. 1984
- TURANI, A., Turkische Malerei Des 19.
und 20. Jahrhunderts/Turkish Painting 19th Century Till Today, (The
catalogue of the exhibition of Turkiye Is Bankasi opened in the Koln
City Museum between 7th Sep-5th Nov 1989), Ist. 1989
- TURANI, A., Zeki Faik Izer, (English
text: Fred Stark), Enlem 80 Pub., Ank. 1995
- YETIK, S., Ressamlarimiz/Our Painters,
V.1., Fine Arts Association Painting Department Publications, Ist.
1940
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